PART: 20 || #WBCS #2020 20 TH OF #MAINS SERIES
এনভায়রনমেন্টাল সায়েন্স। এখানে প্রশ্ন হবে উদাহরণ ভিত্তিক।ধারণাভিত্তিক, দৈনন্দিন ঘটনা, বিভিন্ন একসেপশন নিয়ে। ফান্ডামেন্টাল জায়গা থেকে প্রশ্ন বেশী। নীচের চ্যাপ্টার গুলো দেখে যাও কোনো মাধ্যমিকের বই থেকে। এখানে সি বি এস ই অথবা আই সি এস ই র বই থেকেও পড়তে পারো। মোটামুটি ওই সিলেবাস ই আছে।
নীচের বিষয়গুলো দেখে যাও। আর অবশ্যই ইংরেজি ভাষায় পড়ো।
Our Environment
About Environmental Science
What do we understand by ‘Environment’? What does the study of Environmental Science involve?
What do we understand by ‘Environment’? What does the study of Environmental Science involve?
main environmental problems
resource depletion, pollution and extinction of species.
resource depletion, pollution and extinction of species.
root of environmental problems.
Population crisis and consumption crisis.
Population crisis and consumption crisis.
A sustainable world.
Concept of sustainability to be explained; sustainable societies to be discussed.
Concept of sustainability to be explained; sustainable societies to be discussed.
Living things in Ecosystems
Concept of ecosystems to be explained; biotic and abiotic structures, organisms and species; populations, communities.
Habitat and ecological niche.
To be discussed in terms of address and function.
species interact with each other.
To be discussed in terms of address and function.
species interact with each other.
Interaction of species should be covered in terms of - predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism and commensalism. Law of Limiting Factors; synergisms.
Adapting to the environment.
Evolution by natural selection; co-evolution, extinction.
Evolution by natural selection; co-evolution, extinction.
How Ecosystems work
(a) Energy flow in ecosystems.
An explanation of how life depends on the sun; who eats what; respiration: burning the fuel. Energy transfer: food chains, food webs and trophic levels.
(a) Energy flow in ecosystems.
An explanation of how life depends on the sun; who eats what; respiration: burning the fuel. Energy transfer: food chains, food webs and trophic levels.
(b) The cycling of materials.
The water cycle, the carbon cycle (how humans are affecting the carbon cycle) and the nitrogen cycle; Not to be tested, for knowledge and understanding only.
The water cycle, the carbon cycle (how humans are affecting the carbon cycle) and the nitrogen cycle; Not to be tested, for knowledge and understanding only.
Interdependence of natural cycles.
(c) How ecosystems change.
Succession- secondary and primary.
Succession- secondary and primary.
Kinds of Ecosystems
(a) Forests.
Tropical rainforests and threats to rainforests; temperate rainforests; temperate deciduous forests; Taiga.
Tropical rainforests and threats to rainforests; temperate rainforests; temperate deciduous forests; Taiga.
(b) Grasslands, Deserts and Tundra.
Tropical savannas; temperate grasslands: prairies, steppes and pampas; deserts; Tundra. Threats to the temperate grasslands, deserts and Tundra.
Tropical savannas; temperate grasslands: prairies, steppes and pampas; deserts; Tundra. Threats to the temperate grasslands, deserts and Tundra.
(c) Freshwater ecosystems.
The study to cover - lakes and ponds; wetlands - marshes and swamps; rivers. Threats to wetlands and rivers must also be highlighted.
The study to cover - lakes and ponds; wetlands - marshes and swamps; rivers. Threats to wetlands and rivers must also be highlighted.
(d) Marine ecosystems.
Estuaries, coral reefs, oceans and how each is threatened should be discussed. Polar ecosystems of the Arctic and the Antarctic and the threats to them must also be covered.
Only threats to the specifically mentioned ecosystems will be tested for the purpose of the examination. The rest are for knowledge and understanding.
Estuaries, coral reefs, oceans and how each is threatened should be discussed. Polar ecosystems of the Arctic and the Antarctic and the threats to them must also be covered.
Only threats to the specifically mentioned ecosystems will be tested for the purpose of the examination. The rest are for knowledge and understanding.
(e) Biogeographic zones of India.
The different biogeographic zones/ regions of India and predominant wildlife in these zones/ regions.
The different biogeographic zones/ regions of India and predominant wildlife in these zones/ regions.
Water
(a) Our water resources.
Water resource in the form of frozen solid in polar ice caps, surface water (rivers of controversy, dams), groundwater (aquifers running low). Solutions to water shortages must be covered in terms of desalting the sea, towing water, water conservation and water harvesting.
Water resource in the form of frozen solid in polar ice caps, surface water (rivers of controversy, dams), groundwater (aquifers running low). Solutions to water shortages must be covered in terms of desalting the sea, towing water, water conservation and water harvesting.
(b) Freshwater pollution.
Point pollution and non-point pollution; wastewater treatment plants, pathogens. The manner in which water pollution affects ecosystems; artificial eutrophication, thermal pollution. Cleaning up water pollution. The special problem of groundwater pollution; bottled water.
Point pollution and non-point pollution; wastewater treatment plants, pathogens. The manner in which water pollution affects ecosystems; artificial eutrophication, thermal pollution. Cleaning up water pollution. The special problem of groundwater pollution; bottled water.
(c) Ocean pollution.
How pollutants get into oceans; preventing ocean pollution; who owns the oceans?
How pollutants get into oceans; preventing ocean pollution; who owns the oceans?
Air
(a) What causes air pollution?
Air pollution due to - natural disasters; domestic combustion; air pollution on wheels; industrial air pollution.
Air pollution due to - natural disasters; domestic combustion; air pollution on wheels; industrial air pollution.
Major air pollutants - carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulphur, ozone, lead, hydrocarbons, benzene and particulates -their sources, health effects and the environmental effects must be studied.
Classification of air pollutants based on composition - gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (grit, dust, smoke and lead oxide); broader classification - primary and secondary pollutants.
Aerosols (smog), sources – natural (continental, oceanic and anthropogenic); their effect on our lives.
Air pollution episode - the Bhopal gas tragedy.
Aerosols (smog), sources – natural (continental, oceanic and anthropogenic); their effect on our lives.
Air pollution episode - the Bhopal gas tragedy.
(b) Thermal inversions, photochemical smog and acid precipitation.
Thermal inversions (Los Angeles), Photochemical Smog (Mexico City) and Acid Precipitation (Mumbai) - how acid precipitation affects ecosystems.
Thermal inversions (Los Angeles), Photochemical Smog (Mexico City) and Acid Precipitation (Mumbai) - how acid precipitation affects ecosystems.
(c) Impact of air pollution.
Impact of air pollution should be covered in terms of economic losses, lowered agricultural productivity and health problems.
Impact of air pollution should be covered in terms of economic losses, lowered agricultural productivity and health problems.
Atmosphere and Climate
(a) The atmosphere.
Balance between photosynthesis and respiration; layers of the atmosphere. Not to be tested, for knowledge and understanding only.
Balance between photosynthesis and respiration; layers of the atmosphere. Not to be tested, for knowledge and understanding only.
(b) Climate.
What determines climate (latitude, atmospheric circulation patterns, ocean circulation patterns, local geography, seasonal changes in climate). Not to be tested, for knowledge and understanding only.
What determines climate (latitude, atmospheric circulation patterns, ocean circulation patterns, local geography, seasonal changes in climate). Not to be tested, for knowledge and understanding only.
(c) Greenhouse earth.
The Greenhouse Effect, rising carbon dioxide levels, GHGs and the earth’s temperature (global warming); effect on weather, agriculture and sea-levels; slowing the temperature change.
The Greenhouse Effect, rising carbon dioxide levels, GHGs and the earth’s temperature (global warming); effect on weather, agriculture and sea-levels; slowing the temperature change.
(d) The Ozone layer.
Ozone in the troposphere, ozone in the stratosphere; detection of the damage to the ozone layer; causes and consequences of ozone thinning; alternatives to CFCs.
Ozone in the troposphere, ozone in the stratosphere; detection of the damage to the ozone layer; causes and consequences of ozone thinning; alternatives to CFCs.
Soil and Land
(a) Deforestation.
Causes and consequences of rapid and progressive deforestation in the developing world - fuel crisis, competition for land, land exploited for cash and food crops, population pressures, increasing demand for timber to meet the needs of the developed world, grazing and its link with desertification.
Effects of deforestation on climate, atmosphere and soil process.
Causes and consequences of rapid and progressive deforestation in the developing world - fuel crisis, competition for land, land exploited for cash and food crops, population pressures, increasing demand for timber to meet the needs of the developed world, grazing and its link with desertification.
Effects of deforestation on climate, atmosphere and soil process.
(b) Soil erosion and desertification.
Causes and consequences of soil erosion and desertification - removal of vegetation, overgrazing, overculture, clearance of slopes, drought, heavy rainfall, bad farming practices.
Causes and consequences of soil erosion and desertification - removal of vegetation, overgrazing, overculture, clearance of slopes, drought, heavy rainfall, bad farming practices.
(c) Land pollution.
Causes and consequences of land pollution - salinization, fertilizers, pesticides, toxic wastes, nuclear wastes, domestic wastes, ground water contamination.
Causes and consequences of land pollution - salinization, fertilizers, pesticides, toxic wastes, nuclear wastes, domestic wastes, ground water contamination.
People
(a) World poverty and gap between developed and developing countries.
Dimensions of world poverty and gap between developed and developing countries using development indicators such as per-capita incomes, housing, levels of disease and nutrition.
Dimensions of world poverty and gap between developed and developing countries using development indicators such as per-capita incomes, housing, levels of disease and nutrition.
(b) Poverty in developed countries, poverty in developing countries.
Rural poverty and urban poverty.
Rural poverty and urban poverty.
(c) The implications of poverty trap for the environment in developing countries.
Self-explanatory.
Self-explanatory.
Urbanisation
(a) Causes of urbanisation.
The push-pull factors to be discussed.
The push-pull factors to be discussed.
(b) Manifestations of urbanisation.
Growth of slums, growth of informal sector, pressure on civic amenities; degradation of human resources; growing sense of despair.
Growth of slums, growth of informal sector, pressure on civic amenities; degradation of human resources; growing sense of despair.
(c) Social, economic and environmental problems.
Problems of housing, congestion, pollution, loss of agricultural land and provision of services to be covered.
Problems of housing, congestion, pollution, loss of agricultural land and provision of services to be covered.
Agriculture
(a) Unsustainable patterns of modern industrialised agriculture.
Monocultures, disappearance of traditional crop varieties, pollution risk due to use of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers; problems of irrigation – surface and ground water.
(a) Unsustainable patterns of modern industrialised agriculture.
Monocultures, disappearance of traditional crop varieties, pollution risk due to use of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers; problems of irrigation – surface and ground water.
(b) Environmental damage due to large farm units.
Self-explanatory.
(c) Food mountains in developed countries.
Surplus and waste.
(d) The Green Revolution.
Discussion on whether Green Revolution is a success or a failure.
Self-explanatory.
(c) Food mountains in developed countries.
Surplus and waste.
(d) The Green Revolution.
Discussion on whether Green Revolution is a success or a failure.
Controlling Air Pollution
(a) From domestic combustion.
Reducing pollution from domestic cooking; clean cooking - kerosene as a desirable cooking fuel in rural areas.
Reducing pollution from domestic cooking; clean cooking - kerosene as a desirable cooking fuel in rural areas.
(b) From industries.
Measures for controlling industrial air pollution - technological measures (energy efficient devices, clean technologies), meteorological controls; zoning strategy; penalties and subsidies; Case Study: the Taj Trapezium.
Measures for controlling industrial air pollution - technological measures (energy efficient devices, clean technologies), meteorological controls; zoning strategy; penalties and subsidies; Case Study: the Taj Trapezium.
(c) From vehicles.
Vehicle emission control - modify engine design (catalytic converters, four stroke engines), clean fuels, public transport options, traffic management, economic policy measures.
Vehicle emission control - modify engine design (catalytic converters, four stroke engines), clean fuels, public transport options, traffic management, economic policy measures.
Addressing Population
(a) The link between growing population and environmental degradation.
UN’s population projections for 2050, the climate link, the choice of alternative futures. Growing population in the developing countries and rising consumption in the developed countries.
UN’s population projections for 2050, the climate link, the choice of alternative futures. Growing population in the developing countries and rising consumption in the developed countries.
(b) The demographic transition.
Stages of transition, transition stages of certain developed nations and developing nations (such as India, China, Korea, Malaysia).
Stages of transition, transition stages of certain developed nations and developing nations (such as India, China, Korea, Malaysia).
(c) Strategies for controlling growth of population.
Strategies to include family planning and birth control, health care, education, economic development; women-centered human development.
Strategies to include family planning and birth control, health care, education, economic development; women-centered human development.
(d) Development framework for poverty alleviation.
Social mobilisation, agricultural development, small-scale industries, human development. Not to be tested, for knowledge and understanding only.
Managing the Urban environment
Social mobilisation, agricultural development, small-scale industries, human development. Not to be tested, for knowledge and understanding only.
Managing the Urban environment
(a) Urbanisation - a challenge to the future.
Sustainable cities: the need of the hour.
Sustainable cities: the need of the hour.
(b) Planning environmental improvement.
Efficient land use, planning energy, shelter and transport; water supply management, wastewater and sanitary waste management, construction activities.
Efficient land use, planning energy, shelter and transport; water supply management, wastewater and sanitary waste management, construction activities.
(c) Rural development to counter migration.
Self-explanatory.
Self-explanatory.
(d) Development of secondary cities to counter migration.
(e) Community participation and contribution of private enterprises.
Community participation in keeping surroundings clean, participation of private enterprises in city improvement, measures to increase private enterprise participation.
Community participation in keeping surroundings clean, participation of private enterprises in city improvement, measures to increase private enterprise participation.
Managing Soil and Land
(a) Conserving soil.
Erosion control techniques - terracing, contour ploughing, dry farming, tree planting, bunds, gullies, wind-breaks, use of organic fertilizers.
Soil conservation techniques - land-use management, vegetative and mechanical practices, conserving soil and water together; appropriate cropping systems – cropping patterns (strip cropping), tree crops, foliage crops.
Erosion control techniques - terracing, contour ploughing, dry farming, tree planting, bunds, gullies, wind-breaks, use of organic fertilizers.
Soil conservation techniques - land-use management, vegetative and mechanical practices, conserving soil and water together; appropriate cropping systems – cropping patterns (strip cropping), tree crops, foliage crops.
(b) Land reforms.
Meaning, measures enforced in India to give land to the landless.
Meaning, measures enforced in India to give land to the landless.
(c) Integrated rural development.
Objectives, self-help schemes like social and community forestry.
Objectives, self-help schemes like social and community forestry.
(d) Role of women and community in conservation.
(e) Combating deforestation.
Reforestation, energy plantations, forest harvesting of non-timber forest products, exploring alternative sources of livelihood, change in consumption patterns.
Reforestation, energy plantations, forest harvesting of non-timber forest products, exploring alternative sources of livelihood, change in consumption patterns.
(f) Managing forest grazing.
Causes and consequences of overgrazing, controlled forest grazing as in National Forest Policy, 1988.
Causes and consequences of overgrazing, controlled forest grazing as in National Forest Policy, 1988.
(g) Alternatives to timber.
Recycling of timber and paper.
Recycling of timber and paper.
Food
(a) Sustainable agriculture.
Integrated pest management – understanding the term, aims, advantages, disadvantages.
Genetically modified organisms, application in plants and animals and environmental risks.
New crop strains – high yielding varieties and their viability, hybrid varieties.
Mixed cropping – advantages and disadvantages; regenerative farming techniques - intercropping, crop rotation, agro forestry, polyvarietal cultivation and polyculture.
Conservation tillage farming - meaning of conservation tillage, advantages and disadvantages.
Trickle drip irrigation – need for a trickle drip irrigation system; operation of a drip irrigation system; advantages and disadvantages.
New organic fertilizers – integrated nutrient supply programme, organic fertilizers - bulky organic manures, green manures, bio-fertilizers, and sewage sludge.
Gene banks – what are gene banks; objectives of maintaining gene banks.
Integrated pest management – understanding the term, aims, advantages, disadvantages.
Genetically modified organisms, application in plants and animals and environmental risks.
New crop strains – high yielding varieties and their viability, hybrid varieties.
Mixed cropping – advantages and disadvantages; regenerative farming techniques - intercropping, crop rotation, agro forestry, polyvarietal cultivation and polyculture.
Conservation tillage farming - meaning of conservation tillage, advantages and disadvantages.
Trickle drip irrigation – need for a trickle drip irrigation system; operation of a drip irrigation system; advantages and disadvantages.
New organic fertilizers – integrated nutrient supply programme, organic fertilizers - bulky organic manures, green manures, bio-fertilizers, and sewage sludge.
Gene banks – what are gene banks; objectives of maintaining gene banks.
(b) Problem of global food security, food aid.
Global food imbalance, distributional inequality; role of food aid in achieving global food security.
Global food imbalance, distributional inequality; role of food aid in achieving global food security.
Biodiversity
(a) Biodiversity at risk due to human actions.
Reasons for loss of biodiversity; Man - the super consumer: impact of his actions on the earth’s resources; reasons for concern: economic, ecological and aesthetic.
Reasons for loss of biodiversity; Man - the super consumer: impact of his actions on the earth’s resources; reasons for concern: economic, ecological and aesthetic.
(b) Conserving our genetic resource: in-situ and ex-situ; harvesting wildlife.
In-situ - wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere reserves.
Ex-situ – zoological parks, botanical gardens, gene banks in agricultural research centres and forestry institutions.
Harvesting wildlife to meet commercial needs.
In-situ - wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere reserves.
Ex-situ – zoological parks, botanical gardens, gene banks in agricultural research centres and forestry institutions.
Harvesting wildlife to meet commercial needs.
(c) Conservation strategies at national and international levels.
Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, Project Tiger 1973, IUCN, The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 1971, CITES, The Convention on Biological Diversity.
Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, Project Tiger 1973, IUCN, The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 1971, CITES, The Convention on Biological Diversity.
Energy
(a) Fossil fuels used to produce electricity.
Electricity: energy on demand; dwindling supplies of fossil fuels; renewable and nonrenewable energy resources. Not to be tested, for knowledge and understanding only.
Electricity: energy on demand; dwindling supplies of fossil fuels; renewable and nonrenewable energy resources. Not to be tested, for knowledge and understanding only.
(b) Nuclear energy.
Nuclear fission, advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy; safety concerns (the Chernobyl disaster); nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fission, advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy; safety concerns (the Chernobyl disaster); nuclear fusion.
(c) A sustainable energy future.
Energy conservation; alternative energy sources - solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectricity, geothermal energy, biomass, liquid fuels from biomass- methanol, ethanol, gasohol, CNG, hydrogen.
Energy conservation; alternative energy sources - solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectricity, geothermal energy, biomass, liquid fuels from biomass- methanol, ethanol, gasohol, CNG, hydrogen.
Waste
(a) Solid waste: the throwaway society.
Solid waste, biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials; where does the trash go - landfills and incinerators.
Solid waste, biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials; where does the trash go - landfills and incinerators.
(b) Solid waste: options for the future.
Producing less waste, reusing, recycling, composting, vermiculture, biotechnology; finding alternatives to materials we use.
Producing less waste, reusing, recycling, composting, vermiculture, biotechnology; finding alternatives to materials we use.
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